Building Construction Review for Firefighters – Fire Training – Fire Engineering

by | Dec 15, 2023 | Engineer

Nick Salameh reviews some of the fundamentals of identifying different types of building construction for firefighters.
engineer sydney
By Nick Salameh
Photo above courtesy of the U.S. Navy
Within the fire service, building construction can be defined as the study of how buildings are put together; materials and connections used, how fire affects the materials and connections, what may fail, how it may fail, and what happens when it fails. So why should firefighters study building construction? The late Francis L. Brannigan said it best, “Because your life depends on it!”
The fire service must evolve to stay ahead of new technologies. Research organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Underwriter Laboratories (UL) are helping firefighters to do that through their studies, by arming us with information and knowledge to make us better, faster, and safer, without taking away from our sworn duties to protect life and property.
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New technologies are constantly being used in building construction. Developers are seeking better ways to build structures cheaper while maintaining or increasing their load carrying capabilities. In many cases, these new construction features provide greater strength than previous construction types but at reduced cost. Reduced cost means reduced mass, so although structures may be stronger, their structural integrity weakens faster under fire conditions. For example, legacy wood frame construction types, which provide approximately 18-20 minutes from the start of fire until structural collapse becomes a concern. Meanwhile, more modern lightweight wood construction can begin to lose its structural integrity in as quickly as four to eight minutes from the start of fire.
Changes in the building construction field are introducing many more engineered, composite, and green structural techniques and elements, as well as the use of synthetic materials. For firefighters, this translates into altered fire dynamics, less structural mass, larger void spaces for vertical and horizontal fire extension, and early collapse potential. As a result, getting sufficient water on the seat of the fire as quickly as possible will result in increased safety and survival opportunities for firefighters and trapped occupants.
When it comes to building construction, we as firefighters must:
Note: As engineers and architects push the structural limitations of building materials, buildings may be built using all five types of construction or a variety such as in hybrid construction. More engineered lumber, synthetics (plastics), glues, and other engineering in construction components make them cost-effective and strong and durable for building construction, but much worse for firefighters  under fire conditions.
General
Strengths
Weaknesses
Fire Resistance
Collapse Potential
General
Weaknesses
Fire Resistance
Collapse Potential
General
Weaknesses
Fire Resistance
Collapse Potential
General
Strengths
Weaknesses
Fire Resistance
Collapse Potential
General
Strengths
Weaknesses
Fire Resistance
Collapse Potential
The comparative chart below comes from Vincent Dunn’s book, “Strategy of Firefighting” and shows the relationship between each building construction type and its fire spread and collapse potential.
Dunn fire spread and collapse potential
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Despite different construction types, all structures burn as a result of their contents (mainly synthetics today), and, in the case of some of today’s construction, their structural and aesthetic elements. Each construction type is unique, and firefighters must have a good working knowledge of building construction, the materials and connections used, how smoke and fire will spread inside and outside of structures, how fire affects the materials and connections, what may fail, how it may fail, and what happens when it fails.
Theodore Lee Jarboe said, “There is no greater influence of change in the fire service than the line of duty death of a firefighter.” Since your life depends on it, do your best to avoid lessons learned through your own tragedy by staying abreast of new technology and building construction industry changes.
References
Frances L. Brannigan, Glenn Corbett, Brannigan’s Building Construction for the Fire Service, Fifth Edition
Gordon Graham, Organizational and Operational Risk Management, www.gordongraham.com, www.firefighterclosecalls.com, www.firefighternearmiss.com, www.Lexipol.com, and Gordongraham@earthlink.net
James P. Smith, Strategic and Tactical Considerations on the Fireground, Fourth Edition
Vincent Dunn, Strategy of Firefighting
NIST – https://www.nist.gov/
UL – https://www.ul.com/
 
Nick SalamehNICK J. SALAMEH is a 36 year veteran of the fire service. He was a Fire/Emergency Medical Services Captain II and previous Training Program Manager for the Arlington County (VA) Fire Department, where he served 31 years. He is a former Chair of the Northern Virginia Fire Departments Training Committee. Nick is a contributor to Fire Engineering Magazine www.fireengineering.com and Stop Believing Start Knowing (SBSK).
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